In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko pointed out the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is generally due to deficiency of oxygen in Nb2O5, applied to be a raw content First soften (Czochralski technique) [186]. Accordingly, according to its output know-how, niobium pentoxide can adopt a wide range of compositions Nb2O5−x. Thus, https://lithium-niobate-crystal14578.blog2learn.com/80443328/top-latest-five-lithium-niobate-crystal-urban-news